Indonesia Political Considerations
The internal
dynamics of Indonesian politics in the last half of the twentieth century was
linked to an external environment that both the Old Order and the New Order
perceived as inherently dangerous. Foreign policy had as its most important
goals security of the state and territorial integrity. The jurisdictional
boundaries of the state were greatly expanded with the incorporation of the
"archipelago principle" into the new international law of the sea regime.
This new regime was codified as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in
1982. The "archipelago principle" effectively territorialized all
ocean space inside straight baselines drawn from the farthest points of the
most distant islands of Indonesia, thus giving new sanction to the Indonesian
doctrine of the political and security unity of archipelagic land and sea space
(wawasan nusantara), first promulgated in the 1950s.
Sukarno's response
to challenge was to attack the status quo--to "live dangerously," to
cite his 1964 National Day address, "A Year of Living Dangerously."
The Suharto government's approach, on the other hand, was one of cooperation
and accommodation in order to gain international support for Indonesia's
political stability and economic development while, at the same time,
maintaining its freedom of action. Whereas Sukarno relished leading the New
Emerging Forces against the Old Established Forces, the Suharto government
turned to the Western developed economies for assistance. These countries were
consortionally organized in the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI--see Glossary), and along with the World Bank and the Asian Development
Bank (see Glossary), gave
massive economic assistance, amounting in the 1992 budget to more than US$4
billion a year. Although Suharto's pragmatic, low-profile style was a far cry
from the radical internationalism and confrontational anti-imperialism of
Sukarno's foreign policy, there was continuity in a nationalism that colored
Indonesia's perceptions of its role in the region. The promotion of Islamic
international political interests was not high on the Indonesian foreign policy
agenda, despite Indonesia being the world's largest Muslim nation. Indonesia
was a member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) but as of 1992,
unlike Malaysia, had not aspired to a major role in that organization.
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Vocabularies List
Consideration:
pertimbangan
Internal:
bagian dalam
External:
bagian luar
Territorial:
wilayah
Ocean:
samudera, lautan
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Cooperation:
kerjasama, koperasi
Stability:
stabilitas
Massive:
secara besar-besaran
Pragmatic:
pragmatis, memandang
Member:
anggota
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Ø Let’s make a sentence for each of
vocabularies list